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i'm new to gimp. i was working on a school project, and i guess I accidentally did something, and now when I try to draw, it doesn't draw at full darkness.

It is because you are using the brush tool with a very small, 1 pixel size. The brush tool 'surrounds' the edge of the brush with anti-aliased, semi-transparent pixels. These make the painted shape look smoother. Only 1 pixel then all semi transparent

If you need to paint-in individual solid pixels use the pencil tool which does not use anti-aliasing. 

[attachment=2561]

Thank you rich2005!

now this happens

Your image is in indexed color mode and can only use colours that are assigned to the image colormap. (see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexed_color)

Change the mode to RGB: Use menu Image -> Mode -> RGB